MLA format

MLA STYLE

Periodicals. Entries for articles from periodicals have three parts, and each one ends with a period. The first part is the author's name; the second is the title of the article (which is enclosed in quotation marks); and the third part is the title of the periodical (which is italicized or underlined), the publication information—such as the volume number and the date of publication (followed by a colon and a space)—and the page numbers.

17. Article in a monthly magazine. Abbreviate all months except May June, and July; for the abbreviations of months, see abbreviations. (Note that when the title ends with a question mark or exclamation point, it is not followed by a period.) If an article is
continued from its first page to a nonconsecutive page, give only the first page followed (without a space) by a + sign.

Lapham, Lewis. "Who and What Is American?" Harper's Jan. 1992: 43-49.

18. Article in a weekly magazine. The format is the same as that for a monthly magazine, except that the publication information includes the day as well as the month and the year.

Smolowe, Jill. "A Voice of Holy War." Time 15 Mar. 1993: 31-34.

19. Article in a journal paginated annually by volume. For journals whose pagination is continuous throughout each annual volume, follow the journal name with the volume number, the year (in parentheses followed by a colon) and the page numbers.

Keesing, Roger M. "Exotic Readings of Cultural Texts." Current Anthropology 30 (1989): 459-69.

20. Article in a journal paginated by issue. For journals that begin each issue with page 1, give the volume number (followed by a period), the issue number, the date (in parentheses followed by a colon), and the page numbers.

Danto, Arthur C. "Narratives of the End of Art." Grand Street 8.3 (1989): 166-81.

21. Article in a newspaper. The entry follows the format of an entry for a weekly magazine (see example 18), with the addition of the number or letter, if any, of the section in which the article is found. If an edition is given on the newspaper's masthead, specify the edition, preceded by a comma, after the date.

Perkins, Ken Parish. "Portrait of an Early Black Community." San Francisco Examiner 3 Apr. 1993: C3.

When the section is identified by number rather than letter, use the following format.

Sciolino, Elaine. " Russia May Be a Spectacle Beyond Release." New York Times 14 Mar. 1993, sec. 4: 1.

22. Unsigned article. Use the form for the appropriate kind of periodical, but begin with the article title and alphabetize the entry according to the first main word in the title. Use a shortened form of the title in the in-text citation.

"Can Your Mind Heal Your Body?" Consumer Reports Feb. 1993: 107-10.

23. Review. List the reviewer's name, followed by the abbreviation "Rev. of" (for"Review of") and the title of the reviewed work. Separate the title from the author of the work with a comma and the word "by."

Dana, Robert. Rev. of After Henry, by Joan Didion. The Georgia Review 46 (1992): 799-802.

24. Editorial. Begin with the title of the editorial (if it is signed, begin with the author's name). Follow the title with a period and then the word "Editorial," followed by a period. Give the day, month, and year of the newspaper, followed by the section and page number on which the editorial appears.

"Cruelty and Justice in Glen Ridge ." Editorial. New York Times 18 Mar. 1993: A22.

25. Letter to the editor. Follow the writer's name with a period and the word "Letter," followed by a period.

Rapier, F. Link. Letter. Premiere Apr. 1993: 20.

Electronic Sources. In general, documentation for electronic publications is similar to that for publications in print, but some additional information must be included so that the electronic data can be retrieved.

26. CD-ROMs and other portable databases. Provide the author, title, publisher, and date information as you would for a print source. Then add the name of the database (underlined), and identify the medium (such as CD-ROM, diskette, or magnetic tape).
In addition, if the vendor or distributor (such as Information Access or SilverPlatter) is not the same as the publisher, include the name of the vendor after the name of the medium. Finally, for portable databases that are updated quarterly or annually, provide both the date of the original publication of the material and the release date of the
particular database version you are using.

The Civil War: A Newspaper Perspective. Nashville : Folio, 1990. CD-ROM. Accessible Archives, 1994.

27. Online databases. For material that can be accessed only through a computer service or a telecommunications network, provide the author, title, publisher, and date information as you would for a print source. Then add the title of the database (underlined), the publication medium (Online), the name of the computer service or network (such as Dialog, CompuServe, or Nexis), and the date of access.

Albert, Sam. "Cyberspace: A World in Search of a Metaphor." 13 Apr. 1995. Redgate. Online. America Online. 3 May 1995.

Entries for electronic journals and texts accessed through a computer network may also include the electronic address at the end of the citation. To indicate the length of an unpaginated online source, use the number of paragraphs (after the date and a colon), and in in-text citations indicate the location of particular passages by using paragraph numbers.

Sengers, Phoebe. "Breakdown." Surfaces 4.5 (Dec. 1994): 25 pp. Online. Internet. 14 Apr. 1994. Available FTP: harfang.cc.umontreal.ca.

Other Sources

28. Government document. If an author is not listed, begin with the name of the government (followed by a period) and the name of the agency (which may be abbreviated).

United States . Dept. of State. Foreign Relations of the United States : Diplomatic Papers--The Conferences of Cairo and Tehran 1943. Washington : GPO, 1961.

29. Pamphlet. Cite a pamphlet as you would a book. If the pamphlet has no listed author, begin with the title.

This Is Apartheid: A Pictorial Introduction. London : Intl. Defence & Aid Fund, 1978.

30. Interview, unpublished. Give the name of the person interviewed and the date of the interview.

Douglas, Guy. Personal interview. 5 Aug. 1991.

31. Interview, published or broadcast. Begin with the name of the person interviewed, followed by the title of the interview (if it is untitled, write the word "Interview"—do not underline or italicize it or enclose it in quotation marks). Give the name of the interviewer after the title of the interview.

Levine, Philip. "A Conversation with Philip Levine." By Howard Norman. Ploughshares 10.4 (1984): 11-22.

For a broadcast interview, include the name of the program and information about the broadcast.

Smith, Anna Deavere. Interview. Fresh Air. Natl. Public Radio. KQED, San Francisco , 6 Aug. 1992.

32. Letter or e-mail, unpublished. To cite a letter or e-mail message written to you, begin with the writer's name followed by the phrase "Letter (e-mail) to the author" and the date. End each element with a period.

Parnell, George. E-mail to the author. 21 Sept. 1994.

33. Letter, published. Follow the writer's name with the words "Letter to" and the name of the recipient. Give the date on which the letter was written, and then identify the source in which it was published.

William, Rose. Letter to Allettie Mosher. 27 Sept. 1885. In To All Inquiring Friends: Letters, Diaries and Essays in North Dakota. Ed. Elizabeth Hampsten. Grand Forks, ND : Dept. of English, U of North Dakota, 1979.

34. Lecture or public address. In addition to the speaker's name and the title of the address (in quotation marks), give the title of the meeting, the name of the sponsoring organization, the location, and the date.

Denmark , Florence L. "The Psychology of Women: Examining the Past--Predicting the Future." Ninety-Ninth Annual Convention. Amer. Psychological Assn. San Francisco, 17 Aug. 1992.

35. Film or video recording. Give the title and the director, as well as the distributor and year of release. You may add other information, such as the names of leading cast members. If you are citing the contribution of a particular person, begin the entry with his or her name.

For a video recording, add the original release date (if pertinent) and the medium before the distributor.

Howard 's End. Dir. James Ivory. Perf. Emma Thompson, Anthony Hopkins, and Vanessa Redgrave. Videocassette. Merchant Ivory, 1992.

36. Television or radio program. Give the title, network, producer, location, and date. You may add other relevant information, such as performers or director. If the reference is to the work of a particular individual, cite that erson's name before the title.

"The Mission." Neighborhoods: The Hidden Cities of San Francisco. Narr. Isabel Allende. Prod. Pam Rorke Levy. PBS. KQED, San Francisco. 12 Dec. 1994.

37. Recording. Give the composer, performer, conductor, and title of the recording, starting with the person being emphasized. If you are not citing a compact disc, indicate the medium (Audiocassette, Audiotape, or LP) before the manufacturer's name and year of issue. Underline the titles of records; enclose names of songs in quotation marks.

Kern, Jerome. Showboat . Perf. Frederica von Stade, Jerry Hadley, and Teresa Stratas. Cond. John McGlinn. London Sinfonietta and the Ambrosian Chorus. Angel, 1988.

38. Live performance. To cite a performance of a play, concert, ballet, or opera, usually begin with the title and include information similar to that for a film. If you are citing the contribution of a particular person-such as an actor, director, or choreographer-begin with that person's name instead.

La Virgen de Tepeyac. Adap. Luis Valdez. Dir. Rosa Maria Escalante. El Teatro Campesino. Cowell Theater, San Francisco. 20 Dec. 1992.

39. Work of art. Italicize or underline the title of a work of art, and include the institution and city where the work is located.

Nevelson, Louise. Cathedral. Museum of Modern Art, New York.

40. Advertisement. Give the name of the product or company that is the subject of the advertisement, followed by the label Advertisement. Conclude with the publication or broadcast information.

Apple Power Macintosh. Advertisement. Newsweek 27 Feb. 1995: 4-5.

41. Map or other illustration. Follow the title of the illustration (italicized or underlined) with a descriptive label, such as "Map" or "Table." Then give the source of the illustration, including the page number (if there is one). If the creator of the illustration is credited, begin the entry with that name.

Cambodia 1972. Map. Sideshow: Kissinger, Nixon and the Destruction of Cambodia. By William Shawcross. New York : Simon, 1979. 254.

42. Legal source. An entry for a court decision includes the names of the plaintiff and defendant (any word after the first one may be abbreviated); the volume, name (abbreviated and not underlined), and page of the law report cited; the name of the court that decided the case (if it was the Supreme Court, no name is necessary); and the year of the decision.

Brown v. Board of Ed. 347 U.S. 483. 1954.

In the in-text citation, the name of the case is underlined: Brown v. Board of Ed.

An entry for a law or statute includes its name, its Public Law number, the date it was enacted, and its Statute at Large cataloging number (if it has been codified).

Atomic Energy Act of 1946. Pub. L. 585. 1 Aug. 1946. Stat. 60.767.

Names of laws are not underlined in in-text citations.

For papers with many legal citations, consult The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation.

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