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Not so long ago in the press appeared news that the Kingdom of Great Britain could lose one of its crown lands – Australia. The Prime Minister of the State, This sensational claim was made by Gillard four days before parliamentary elections. According to the Prime Minister (incidentally, a native of Wales), the death of Queen Elizabeth II would be an opportune moment to turn Australia into a republic. However, the head of the government said that Australians “have warm feelings to 84-year-old queen and wish to Her Majesty a long life”. (Telegraph.co.uk)
But opinions about the relations between Australia and Britain are divided within the government of Australia: one is the view of Gillard, who heads the Labor Party in which the republican sentiments are the strongest; but in other parties people think differently, such as the leader of the Liberal party Tony Abbott said about the need to preserve the monarchy, and the statements of Gillard described as “inappropriate”. (Telegraph.co.uk)
This issue is historical, because it touches the whole period of Australian history: from the conquest and invasion in its lands, period of the World War II, and before the present. This paper will study changing approaches to history and interpretations that have resulted in historical debate in the areas of the British arrival in Australia.
The history of relations in Britain and Australia – the story of the invasion and conquest
What is the meaning of the Australian arguments of the structure of the country?
This goes back to the end of XVIII century, when “green” continent was a British colony, and until the early twentieth century had the full authority appointed by the governor from London. Land occupation of Australia by the Britain began mainly after the expedition led by Captain James Cook, who reached the eastern coast of Australia in 1770: he proceeded along the coast to the north, over a distance 1670 km from the eastern Victoria to the Torres Strait. Cook called this land New South Wales and has declared it a possession of England. There were established royal “penal colonies” for criminals, and later – for the exiled members of the Chartist movement in England. Sailed in 1788 with the “first fleet” to the shores of Australia, representatives of the British authorities based the city of Sydney, that later was proclaimed as the administrative center of the established in 1824 the British colony of New South Wales.
With the arrival of “Second Fleet” appeared first free settlers, and started the seizure of the continent, accompanied with cruelest slaughter of indigenous people: aborigines were hunted and and for their murder were given prizes. Sometimes colonists killed aboriginal Australians of all sexes and ages, for example dropped them poisoned food after which people died in terrible agonies. Not surprisingly, after one hundred years most of the indigenous population was exterminated, and the remaining Aborigines were rounded up from the land of their ancestors and pushed into the inner desert regions.
In 1827 Britain announces establishment of its sovereignty over the entire continent, and since that time New South Wales has been ruling by the UK, and the British were the main settlers in this region. (Jupp 2004)
The discovery of gold in New South Wales in 1851 changed the course of Australian history, and in the second half of 19th century Gold Rush highly promoted economic development in south-eastern colonies of Australia.
English parliament in 1850 issued a bill on the Australian colonies, the colonial authorities allowed with the consent of the British Government to work out a new constitution. By the 1856 constitution have been developed in New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia. The new bicameral legislature of the colonies have the right to royal land, and could form a government modeled on England.
The British government proposed to form the central federal agency management as early as 1847, but withdrew the proposal, fearing the opposition in the colonies. Favorable conditions for such a decision appeared only in the last two decades of 19 century, when due to the construction of railways the union of the colonies began to look as real idea. (Jupp 2004)
The desire to free internal trade and common action on defense, immigration, industrial and financial affairs eventually served to unite the colonies. Federal Constitutional bill was passed by British Parliament in the spring of 1900, and sanction of Queen Victoria was received on July 9, 1900. So the Commonwealth of Australia was founded on 1 January 1901.
After 1901 the situation changed. Australia received dominion status (state within the British Commonwealth), it was granted its own constitution, got its own prime minister. However, the nominal head of state remained the British Queen (or King).
In the twentieth century, during which the Australians alongside the British took part in two world wars, the country has expanded self-rule. Gradually, in the hands of the Australian government was almost all domestic and foreign policies. In 1986, Britain refused to interfere in the laws of the country. But the formal head of state continues to be Queen Elizabeth II.
According to the constitution of Australia, the highest official in the country is not prime minister, representing the winning party in the parliamentary elections, and reports to the Governor-General to London. In ordinary times, he performs a ceremonial function, but in the case of the political crisis may convene and dissolve parliament, appoint the prime minister, judges, is the commander of the armed forces. However, real political power the Republicans have gained only at the end of 1990.