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Translation is a complex and specific process which gives the people from different cultures an opportunity to communicate with each other without boundaries and limitations. Literary translation is a unique branch of translation which differs from other types such as narrative translation or medical translation. That is, the linguistic and extra-linguistic features of literature are much more complicated poetic, creative and more cultural specific than other types of writings. However, it is the role of translators to use literary translation theories to be able to creatively find equivalent and strategic solutions to translate the complicated features of literature works. There are many approaches and theories which have been introduced to sole such problems and difficulties in the literature translation. It does not matter how difficult the translation process is, translators should take necessary procedures which focuses on the basic message of the text. The message of the text should be preserved and passed to the readers as precisely as possible. At the same time translators should do their best in order to keep the balance between original style and choose the best ways to pass the author’s message in TL. They also should try to achieve as much faithfulness with the original text as possible. In this essay, the translator faced serious difficulties in the translation of the old man and the sea ¬by Ernest Hemingway from the second language to the native language of the translator. Given that this work involved different and complicated literature features, when the translator evaluated the translation. He/she found different errors. This essay will discuss the translation process of this work and the theories of translation he used to evaluate the product translation.

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There are many traditional approaches to translation which the translator could use to overcome the difficulties faced. The traditional essentialist approach to literature is called 3 ‘the corpus’ approach, which counts on the idea that the literature is the ‘creator’ possessing ‘genius’ (Boase-Beier & Holman, 1999). Authors are believed to be unique, organic, and transcendental and hence sacred origin of the Creation of the literature work, therefore, translators should only be responsible for merely copying of the unique entity. Given that the translator did not originally write genuine work of art or creates some literary masterpiece or have the right to put input in the work. The translator using this approach would only transfer the source text into the target language without taking into consideration the cultural differences or the cultural transformation of the source culture. For example, in the text analyzed in this essay, the target text has cultural values and expression which could be difficult to be transferred in the target language. According to Venuti, (1995), the traditional problems of the literary translation involve the difficulty to find adequate equivalents not only for lexis, syntax and concepts, but also to express style, connotation and cultural and ethical values of the text without misrepresentation. Therefore, the translator will need to implement different strategies to be able to transfer the source literal text into the target text.

Despite translators face many difficulties the translation became more like introducing even new cultural values and concepts to readers. The cultural approach to translation emphasizes the great role of translators in importing foreign cultural values and creating aesthetic values (Eco, 2003). This made translation not to be a substitution as in the cultural approach but to become “cross-fertilization, resulting in the hybridity of cultures” (Landers, 2001). This approach to translation emphasizes also the importance of translation in the human communicative acts which has made it one of the most important branches of linguistics. The translator should understand the cultural differences and try to transfer the cultural values of the source text in an accurate, normal and natural way. The translator should have excellent knowledge of linguistic, same as extra-linguistic aspects of both languages in order to be able to give quality literal translation. In many cases semantic information of the text may be different from emotional information but they both deliver extra-linguistic information to the reader (Venuti, 1998). The main barrier to adequate translation is the extra linguistic information, which may become a lingoethnic barrier for translator (Venuti, 2004). For example, certain words cannot have the same connotations; bear the full meaning in the target text after being translated, which in turn maximize the loss in translation process.
Translator should pass to the readers what was expressed in SL text, he or she must express the pragmatic core of the SL text trying to avoid any ambivalences, which may result in wrong perception of the text. That is, it is not only the semantic inadequacies that create flaws in translation but also and most importantly the it may result in cultural misunderstanding and spoilt right perception of the SL text (Weissbort, 1989). Misinterpreting literature features such as jokes, sarcasm, poetic, figurative speeches may lead to misrepresenting the author’s message and the social context of literary work. From this perspective the function of a translator dramatically change from just a person who reproduces a text in another language to a person who possesses rights to change text to that extend that it may become unrecognizable (Sager, 2000). It is important to remember that good translator should translate not only the words, but also the concepts. Translator is a person who gives new life to the text using the meaning of the target languages. Literary works get new interpretation with the help of translator, who becomes a bearer of new information and who uncovers the text one more time. Unfortunately very little people treat the profession of interpreter like this.