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1.
The “standards of living” is the term that describes the level of material welfare of the inhabitants in the selected country. Usually the real GDP per capita, or real national output per head of population is the baseline measure of the standards of living. The real GDP per capita is the value of national output divided by the number of resident population of the country. With other indicators equal the growth of GDP per capita can reflect the growth in standards of living. However, this indicator is rather insufficient and inaccurate as for true living standards within the country as well as between different countries. To use the data about national income for cross-count6ry comparison it is necessary to convert GDP data into a common currency (US dollar or Euro) and to make the adjustment, taking in attention the differences in cost on services and goods for every country. Even after such adjustments the data on national income doesn’t reflect properly the standards of living. As was stated in the article in Independent,
“Improving living standards is about poor families gaining access to what is available at the time to make life comfortable, healthy and rewarding. In the end, economic statistics only measure what they measure, which may not bear much relation to how well off we are. (Riley, 2006)”
2.
The unemployment can be divided on the three types: structural unemployment, frictional unemployment, and cyclical unemployment. Structural unemployment appears after the shortage in demand on some professions. For example, with the wide spread of personal computers the job of typewriter became useless. The most effective government program for this type of unemployment is the establishment of learning courses. The typewriters can learn the basic skills in computers and continue their career on the new positions.
Fictional unemployment usually means temporary unemployment that connected with the significant changes in the lives of the people. Fro example, many high school graduates are unemployed just after finishing the study. Fictional unemployment also involves people who are unemployed after rising babies, moving to another place and so on. The most effective government program is the creation of special job centers, where this type of unemployed can find the vacancy quickly and easily.
The cyclical unemployment is related to economical cycles; usually the rate of cyclical unemployment is growing in the times of economic recession. The most effective government program for this type of unemployment would be the creation of new jobs, but the recent government politics reflects the unwilling or inability of the government to implement such a program.
3.
The gold standard was adopted as the type of economic security. The historical events made many countries the reject this standard and to adopt the floating currency course to the gold. It seems that when the discoveries of gold do not keep pace with the growing world GDP, it will cause the devaluation of the gold, opposite to “Nixon shock” in 1971, when President Nixon banned the gold trade except the one market. As the result the gold became a floating asset, it price started growing and it still climbing. After the implementation of fixed gold standard the demand on gold will lower and the real price will fall. At the same time world economies will adopt the new standard, the most probable now seems to bee oil standard.

References

Stone, G.W. (2008) Core Economics. First Edition. Worth Publishers.
Anderson, S. (2006) Economics. Fourth edition.
Riley, G. (2006) Macroeconomics. Eton College. Retrieved August 04 2010 from http://tutor2u.net/economics/revision-notes/a2-macro-national-income-living-standards.html