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Malignant tumors of the oral cavity and oropharynx mucosa make about 1,5% of all tumors. It occurs most often in men aged 40-60 and 4 times more frequently than in women (Pitiphat 192-197). Experience shows that in most cases tumors develop in pathological tissues. Most of these are long flowing inflammations of various etiologies and dyskeratosis, which belong to the so-called precancers. Further the paper discusses causes and effects of oral cancer.
Such bad habits as smoking, alcohol abuse, etc. play a significant role in the development of pathological processes in the oral cavity. Also, there are factors like chronic mechanical trauma caused by a damaged tooth crown, a sharp edge of filling or poor quality prostheses (Bosetti 468-73).
The character of nutrition also bears some importance for the development of precancerous states. Poor content of vitamin A in the diet or violation of its uptake by the body leads to a change in the processes of cornification. Undoubtedly, the systematic consuming of too hot and spicy food has harmful influence on oral health (Palacios 369-81).
The clinical course of oral cancer could be divided into three phases or periods: prime, advanced, and the neglect period. In the prime period the patients often note the unusual sensation in the area of the pathological focus. While examining the oral cavity various changes can be detected: mucosal seal, seal tissues, superficial ulcers, papillary neoplasm, white spots, etc. Observations analysis shows that nearly in 10% of cases at the first call to the doctor local mucosal lesions are not detected. The pains occur in approximately 25% of cases, but more than 50% of the pain is associated with angina, a poor condition of teeth, etc. This is especially often in cancer with localization in the back of the oral cavity and the alveolar edge of the jaw (Tan 5-18).
During the advanced period many symptoms appear. First of all, almost all patients suffer from the pain of varying intensity, although sometimes, there can be no pain even with large size tumors. Many patients have the increased salivation as a result of irritation of the mucous membrane by the decay products of the tumor. A typical symptom is a smelly breath – the sign of decay and infection of the tumor. Two anatomical forms of cancer are identified in the advanced period: 1) exophytic form (tumor with papillary processes; ulcers with the marginal ridge of active tumor growth, despite an increase in its size, it still remains superficial, and tumor limits the process) and 2) endophytic form (ulcer on a massive tumor infiltrate. Ulcers often take the form of deep crevices, infiltrate form is characterized by a diffuse infiltrative lesion of the cavity. Mucous membranes are not ulcerated in this case) (Pitiphat 192-197).
In the period of neglecting, the cancer of the oral mucosa, which is spreading rapidly and destroying the surrounding tissues, could be assigned to the tumors typically considered extremely aggressive and malignant (Pitiphat 192-197). It should be noted that in general, the mucosa cancer of the back half of the oral cavity occurs more malignant than that of the front one. The treatment of these areas is also much more difficult (Tan 5-18).
In general, the number of patients turning for medical help at early stages is low. Doctors factually get increasingly confronted with the tumor process, already accompanied with secondary infection and pain (Pitiphat 192-197). Often, the first consultation determines the spread of tumor to the jaw and the muscles of the bottom of the mouth cavity. During this period, approximately one third of patients experiences regional metastases. Oral cavity cancer spreads rapidly, destroying the surrounding tissues, including muscle, skin, and bones. Radical operations make tumor recurrences possible.
Works Cited:

Bosetti, C., Gallus, S., Peto, R., Negri, E., Talamini, R., Tavani, A., Franceschi, S., and Carlo La Vecchia. “Tobacco Smoking, Smoking Cessation, and Cumulative Risk of Upper Aerodigestive Tract Cancers.” American Journal of Epidemiology 167.4 (2008): 468-473. Print.
Palacios, C., Joshipura, K.J., and W.C. Willett. “Nutrition and health: guidelines for dental practitioners.” Oral Diseases 15.6. (2009): 369-381. Print.
Pitiphat, W., Diehl, S.R., Laskaris, G., Cartsos, V., Douglass, C.W., and A.I. Zavras. “Factors Associated with Delay in the Diagnosis of Oral Cancer.” Journal of Dental Research 81(2002): 192 – 197. Print.
Tan, T.H., Pranavan, G., Haxhimoll, H.Z., Hodo, Z., and Y.P. Desmond. “New systemic treatment options for metastatic renal-cell carcinoma in the era of targeted therapies.” Asia-Pacific Journal of Clinical Oncology 6.1 (2010): 5-18. Print.